METHOD OF EVALUATION OF THE URBAN SPACE IN TERMS OF PERCEIVED SECURITY BY WOMEN WHEN WALKING
Keywords:
Seguridade percebida, Desafios das mulheres no transporte, Planejamento urbano, Método multicritério, Sistema de Informação GeográficaAbstract
Walking is the most basic and fundamental way of mobility, allowing connectivity and interaction between the individual and the built environment. However, research has demonstrated that the characteristics of the built environment influences the perceived security by pedestrians and the option to walk. Furthermore, gender is one of the most relevant variables in this aspect, considering that the chances of women choosing to travel on foot are approximately twice smaller compared to men. Bearing in mind that security concerns the prevention of risks to the personal, physical and psychological integrity of the individual, this research is based on the following question: what evaluation method can support the planning of urban areas perceptibly more secure for walking, especially for women? Thus, the general objective of this work was to propose a method of evaluating of the urban space in terms of the perceived security by women when walking. The study consisted of three stages: (1) selection of characteristics of the built environment that interfere on the perceived security of pedestrians, considering mainly the female gender; (2) definition of an instrument of evaluating of the perception of security of the pedestrian in urban spaces, through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); and (3) carrying out a case study in an urban area with the aim of mapping locations that are more or less secure perceptibly for pedestrians, considering gender, using a Geographic Information System (GIS). For the development of the stage 1, a bibliographical review was carried out about the topic, made possible through analysis of national and international publications, of scientific and technical nature, available in libraries and virtual search engines. In the stage 2, a questionnaire was applied to obtain the weights and the prioritization hierarchy of the measures and aspects previously selected, through the perception of the interviewees, considering the general average and the gender filter, as well as ethnicity, age group and sexual orientation. As for the stage 3, the central area of the city of Franca (SP) was delimited as the object of study. In general, the results are (i) the proposal of eight measures grouped into four aspects of the urban space; (ii) obtaining the following prioritization hierarchy, from the most important aspect to the least important by the general average: circulation of people (0,30), surveillance (0,27), street maintenance (0,22) and attractiveness of the urban space (0,21); and (iii) visualization of differences in the evaluation of the study area regarding to the perception of security between female and male pedestrians. The work supports public management with regard to the urban and transport planning, in addition to contributing to the state of the art through the selection, consideration and mapping of the main characteristics of the built environment that affects the perceived security when walking.
References
ARIFFIN, R. N. R.; ZAHARI, R. K. Perceptions of the Urban Walking Environments. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, v. 105, p. 589–597, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.062
BARBETTA, P. A. Estatística Aplicada às Ciências Sociais. Florianópolis: Editora da UFSC, 8 ed. rev., 2012, 318 p.
BARNETT, S. Creating Walkable Urban Environments. Engineering Sustainability, v. 159, p. 91-97, 2006.
BASU, N.; OVIEDO-TRESPALACIOS, O.; KING, M.; KAMRUZZAMAN, M.; HAQUE, M. M. The influence of the built environment on pedestrians’ perceptions of attractiveness, safety and security. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, v. 87, p. 203-218, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.03.006
BENTIVOGLIO, J. C. Trajetória urbana de Franca: Centro (1805-1995). Franca: Prefeitura Municipal: Fundação Municipal “Mário de Andrade”, 1996.
BERRY, J. K. Catographic Modeling: The Analytical Capabilities of GIS. In: GOODCHILD, M.; PARKS, B.O.; STEYAERT, L.T., Environmental Modeling with GIS. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p. 58-74, 1993.
BRASIL. Lei n° 13.718, de 24 de setembro de 2018. 2018. Disponível em: < http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/lei/L13718.htm>. Acesso em: 12/05/2022.
BROWN, B. B.; PERKINS, D. D.; BROWN, G. Crime, new housing, and housing incivilities in a first-ring suburb: multilevel relationships across time. Housing Policy Debate, v. 15, n. 2, p. 301-345, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2004.9521504
BUERGER, M. E.; COHN, E. G.; PETROSINO, A. J. Defining the “Hot Spots of Crime”: Operationalizing Theoretical Concepts for Field Research. Crime and Place (ECK, J.; WEISBURD, D., eds.), Willow Tree Press, Monsey, NY, p. 237-257, 1995.
CÂMARA, G.; MONTEIRO, A. M.; FUCKS, S. D.; CARVALHO, M. S. Análise espacial e geoprocessamento. Análise espacial de dados geográficos. Brasília: EMBRAPA, p. 21-54, 2004.
CARBONARI, F.; LIMA, R. S. de. Cidades seguras. O Estatuto da Cidade e a Habitat III: um balanço de quinze anos da política urbana no Brasil e a Nova Agenda Urbana. Repositório do conhecimento do IPEA (Costa, M. A., ed.), p. 85-106, 2016.
CARTER, M. Gender Differences in Experience with and Fear of Crime in Relation to Public Transport. Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation: Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 35, National Academies, v. 2, n. 1, p. 100, 2004.
CECCATO, V.; LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS, A. Fear of sexual harassment and its impact on safety perceptions in transit environments: a global perspective. Violence against women, v. 28, n. 1, p. 26-48, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801221992874
CECCATO, V.; NÄSMAN, P.; LANGEFORS, L. Sexual Violence on the move: an assessment of Youth’s victimization in public transportation. Women & Criminal Justice, v. 31, n. 4, p. 294-312, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1733732
CECCATO, V. Women’s transit safety: making connections and defining future directions in research and practice. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, v. 19, p. 276-287, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41300-017-0032-5
CHIACHIRI FILHO, J. Do Sertão do Rio Pardo à Vila Franca do Imperador. Ribeirão Preto: Ribeirão Gráfica e Editora, 1986, 216 p.
CLIFTON, K. J.; LIVI, A. D. Gender Differences in Walking Behavior, Attitudes About Walking, and Perceptions of the Environment in Three Maryland Communities. Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation: Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 35, National Academies, v. 2, n. 1, p. 79, 2004.
COZENS, P. M.; SAVILLE, G.; HILLIER, D. Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED): a review and modern bibliography. Journal of Property Management, v. 23, n. 5, p. 328-356, 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02637470510631483
CROFT, P.; ELAZAR, N.; LEVASSEUR, M. Guide Information for Pedestrian Facilities. Sidney, Austrália: Austroads, 2013.
CROWE, T. Crime prevention through environmental design: Applications of architectural design and space management concepts. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000.
CRUZ, D. Aniversário de Franca: confira programação e atrações deste final de semana. Jornal da Franca, Franca, 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.jornaldafranca.com.br/aniversario-de-franca-confira-programacao-e-atracoes-deste-final-de-semana/ >. Acesso em: 08/06/2023.
DE COSTER, S.; HEIMER, K. Choice within constraint: An explanation of crime at the intersections. Theoretical Criminology, v. 21, n. 1, p. 11-22, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480616677494
DOVEY, K.; PAFKA, E. What is walkability? The urban DMA. Urban Studies, v. 57, n. 1, p. 93-108, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018819727
FERRER, S.; RUIZ, T.; MARS, L. A Qualitative Study on the Role of the Built Environment for Short Walking Trips. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, v. 33, p. 141-160, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.07.014
FOLLIS, F. CIDADE E CIDADANIA: FRANCA (1890-1996). 2007. 213 f. Tese (Doutorado em Sociologia) – Faculdade de Ciências e Letras da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Araraquara.
FOSTER, S.; GILES-CORTI, B.; KNUIMAN, M. Does fear of crime discourage walkers? A social-ecological exploration of fear as a deterrent to walking. Environment and Behavior, v. 46, n. 6, p. 698-717, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512465176
FOSTER, S.; GILES-CORTI, B.; KNUIMAN, M. Creating safe walkable streetscapes: Does house design and upkeep discourage incivilities in suburban neighbourhoods?. Journal of environmental psychology, v. 31, n. 1, p. 79-88, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.03.005
F3 NOTÍCIAS. Monitoramento no Centro de Franca flagra comércio ilegal de drogas na Praça Barão. Notícias de Franca, Franca, 2022. Disponível em: < https://www.f3noticias.com.br/monitoramento-no-centro-de-franca-flagra-comercio-ilegal-de-drogas-na-praca-barao/ >. Acesso em: 10/06/2023.
FREATO, M. P. R. ESTUDO SOBRE REDES CICLOVIÁRIAS EM REGIÕES METROPOLITANAS. 2023. 135 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Urbana) – Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos.
GEKOSKI, A.; GRAY, J. M.; HORVATH, M. A. H.; EDWARDS, S.; EMIRALI, A.; ADLER, J. R. What works’ in reducing sexual harassment and sexual offences on public transport nationally and internationally: A rapid evidence assessment. London: British Transport Police and Department for Transport, 2015, 104 p.
GORDON, M. T.; RIGER, S. The female fear. New York: The Free Press, 1989, 230 p.
GOTTSCHALK-MAZOUZ, N. Philosophical Perspectives on Safety and Risk. In: RAUE, Martina; STREICHER, Bernhard; LERMER, Eva (eds.). Perceived Safety: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, p. 27-41, 2019.
HARRIS, O. L. Methodology for developing security design criteria for subways. Washington: Urban transit administration, v. 5, p. 71-74, 1971.
HAYDEN, D. Redesigning the American Dream: The Future of Housing, Work and Family. Nova York, Norton & Company, 1984, 288 p.
HESSAMI, A. G. A Systems Framework for Safety and Security: The Holistic Paradigm. Systems Engineering, v. 7, n. 2, p. 99–112, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/sys.10060
HIROPOULOS, A.; PORTER, J. Visualising property crime in Gauteng: Applying GIS to crime pattern theory. South African Crime Quarterly, v. 47, p. 17-28, 2014. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sacq.v47i1.2
HOLTROP, D.; KRETZ, D. Research Security and Safety: An Inventory of Policy, Legislation and Regulations, Arcadis, The Netherlands, 2008.
HONG, J.; CHEN, C. The role of the built environment on perceived safety from crime and walking: examining direct and indirect impacts. Transportation, v. 41, n. 6, p. 1171-1185, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-014-9535-4
IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Malha Municipal. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2019. Disponível em: < https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/organizacao-do-territorio/malhas-territoriais/15774-malhas.html >. Acesso em: 20/01/2023.
IBGE - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Panorama do Município de Franca/SP. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2022. Disponível em: < https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/franca/panorama>. Acesso em: 06/06/2023.
ITDP BRASIL - Instituto de Políticas de Transporte e Desenvolvimento. Índice de Caminhabilidade 2.0: Ferramenta. 2019, 66 p. Disponível em: <https://itdpbrasil.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Caminhabilidade_Volume-3_Ferramenta-ALTA.pdf>. Acesso em: 23/08/2022.
JACKSON, J.; GRAY, E. Functional fear and public insecurities about crime. British Journal of Criminology, v. 50, n. 1, p. 1–22, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp059
JACOBS, J. Morte e vida de grandes cidades. Tradução de Carlos S. Mendes Rosa. São Paulo: WMF Martins Fontes, 2011, 3 edição, 532 p.
KELLING, G. L.; COLES, C. M. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. Touchstone, New York, 1997, 336 p.
LESLIE, E.; COFFEE, N.; FRANK, L.; OWEN, N.; BAUMAN, A.; HUGO, G. Walkability of Local Communities: Using Geographic Information Systems to Assess Relevant Environmental Attributes Objectively. Health & Place, v. 13, n. 1, p. 111-122, 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.11.001
LIMA, F. Após prédio histórico ser invadido, Unesp afirma que estuda medidas para evitar depredação. Verdade ON, Franca, 2022. Disponível em: <https://verdadeon.com.br/portal/2022/06/23/apos-predio-historico-ser-invadido-unesp-afirma-que-estuda-medidas-para-evitar-depredacao/>. Acesso em: 08/06/2023.
LIMA, R. da S. Expansão urbana e acessibilidade: o caso das cidades médias brasileiras. 1998. Dissertação (Mestrado em Transportes). Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
LIZÁRRAGA, C.; MARTÍN-BLANCO, C.; CASTILLO-PÉREZ, I.; CHICA-OLMO, J. Do University Students’ Security Perceptions Influence Their Walking Preferences and Their Walking Activity? A Case Study of Granada (Spain). Sustainability, v. 14, n. 3, p. 1880, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031880
LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS, A. Is it safe to walk here?. Research on Women’s Issues in Transportation: Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 35, National Academies, v. 2, n. 1, p. 102-112, 2004.
LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS, A. Safe on the move: The importance of the built environment. In: The urban fabric of crime and fear. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, p. 85-110, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4210-9_4
LOUKAITOU-SIDERIS, Anastasia. What is blocking her path? Women, mobility, and security. Women’s Issues in Transportation: Summary of the 4th International Conference. Washington, DC: The National Academies, v. 1, p. 103-121, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/22901
LUCCHESI, S. T.; LARRANAGA, A. M.; OCHOA, J. A. A.; SAMIOS, A. A. B.; CYBI, H. B. B. The role of security and walkability in subjective wellbeing: A multigroup analysis among different age cohorts. Research in Transportation Business & Management, v. 40, p. 100559, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100559
MASSEY, D. B. Space, Place and Gender. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, v.1, 1994, 280 p.
MAYHEW, P. M.; AYE, N.; MIRLEES-BLACK, C. The 1992 British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 132. HMSO, London, 1993.
MHMF - MUSEU HISTÓRICO MUNICIPAL DE FRANCA “José Chiachiri”. Foto de quermesse na Praça Nossa Senhora da Conceição. Prefeitura Municipal de Franca, 1959.
MONTANER, J. M.; MUXÍ, Z. Arquitetura e política: ensaios para mundos alternativos. Tradução de Frederico Bonaldo. São Paulo: Gustavo Gili, 2014, 1 ed., 253 p.
MOTTA, D.; MATA, D. da. Crescimento das cidades médias. Regional e Urbano, IPEA, v. 1, p. 33-38, 2008.
NEWMAN, O. Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design. MacMillan Company, New York, v. 2, 1972.
NOURANI, F.; ANTONELLO, S. L.; GOVONE, J. S. VITIMIZAÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS EM SUA MOBILIDADE URBANA EM RIO CLARO, SÃO PAULO. Estudos Geográficos: Revista Eletrônica de Geografia, v. 17, n. 1, p. 175-195, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5016/estgeo.v17i1.14339
OSM - Open Street Map. Basemap Município de Franca. 2023. Disponível em: < https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/-20.5366/-47.3990 >. Acesso em: 04/02/2023.
PAINTER, K. The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark. Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 35, p. 193-201, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(96)00311-8
PALMA, V. (org.). Almanaque da Franca. Franca, 1912. (Museu Histórico Municipal de Franca - MHMF).
PAULA, B. L. de; CERRI, L. E. da S. Aplicação do Processo Analítico Hierárquico (AHP) para priorização de obras de intervenção em áreas e setores de risco geológico nos municípios de Itapecerica da Serra e Suzano (SP). Geociências, São Paulo, v. 31, n. 2, p. 247-257, 2012. Disponível em: <https://www.periodicos.rc.biblioteca.unesp.br/index.php/geociencias/article/view/6478>. Acesso em: 15/10/2022.
PIMENTA, L. B.; BELTRÃO, N. E. S.; GEMAQUE, A. M. da Silva; TAVARES, P. A. Processo Analítico Hierárquico (AHP) em ambiente SIG: temáticas e aplicações voltadas à tomada de decisão utilizando critérios espaciais. Interações (Campo Grande), v. 20, n. 2, p. 407-420, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20435/inter.v20i2.1856
RADER, N. E. The Threat of Victimization: A Theoretical Reconceptualization of Fear of Crime. Sociological Spectrum, v. 24, n. 6, p. 689-704, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170490467936
RECORD TV. Câmeras flagram comércio de drogas em praça central de Franca. Franca, 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A6gZyTROoE>. Acesso em: 10/06/2023.
RODRIGUES, L. R.; ARAÚJO, G. J. N.; LEMOS, M. E. UTILIZAÇÃO DE UM SISTEMA DE INFORMAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA PARA O AUXÍLIO NAS ANÁLISES DE MOBILIDADE URBANA E DE USO DO SOLO NO ENTORNO DE UM VAZIO URBANO DE USO INSTITUCIONAL, NA CIDADE DE FRANCA, SÃO PAULO, BRASIL. Caderno de Resumos - 6° Fórum Goiano de Mobilidade Urbana e Trânsito e VI Seminário de Saúde Pública e Trânsito. Goiânia, v. 3, p. 98-99, 2019.
RODRIGUES, L. R.; ARAÚJO, L. A. de; LEMOS, M. E. Da conceituação de mobilidade urbana ao desenvolvimento de modelo de análise e avaliação para a aplicação em cidades médias brasileiras. Engenharia Urbana em Debate, v. 1, n. 2, p. 224-236, 2020.
RODRIGUES, L. R.; LEMOS, M. E. A INEFICIÊNCIA DAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS VOLTADAS À ACESSIBILIDADE DE PEDESTRES NAS CIDADES BRASILEIRAS. Em Sociedade, v. 2, n. 1, p. 39-56, 2019a.
RODRIGUES, L. R.; LEMOS, M. E. Analysis of Urban Regeneration in unused urban area, characterized by the degradation of the public space: the case of abandonment of an old edification of the city of Franca, São Paulo, Brazil. Technopolitics in Urban Regeneration - TUR'19 International Conference Proceedings, Lisbon, Portugal, v. 1, p. 102-111, 2019b.
SAATY, R. W. The analytic hierarchy process – what it is and how it is used. Mathematical Modelling, v. 9, n. 3-5, p. 161-176, 1987. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8
SAATY, T. L. Método de Análise Hierárquica. Tradução de Wainer da Silveira e Silva. São Paulo: McGraw-Hill Publisher, Makron, 1991, 367 p.
SCUDELLER, B. P. DOS NOVOS PROJETOS URBANOS AOS ABANDONOS DO CENTRO DE PRESIDENTE PRUDENTE/SP. PIXO - Revista de Arquitetura, Cidade e Contemporaneidade, v. 7, n. 24, p. 348-373, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15210/pixo.v7i24.3839
SHERMAN, L. W. Hot Spots of Crime and Criminal Careers of Places. Crime and Place (ECK, J.; WEISBURD, D.; eds.). New York: Willow Tree Press, Monsey, NY, p. 35-52, 1995.
SILVA, O. H. da. PROPOSTA DE MODELO PARA AVALIAÇÃO DE ESPAÇOS PARA PEDESTRES QUANTO À PERCEPÇÃO DE SEGURIDADE. 2022. 180 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Urbana) – Centro de Ciências Exatas e de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos.
SKOGAN, W. G. Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. University of California Press, 1992, 218 p.
SOUZA, D. P. de. Um em cada três brasileiros mora em 48 municípios com mais de 500 mil habitantes. Agência IBGE Notícias. 2019. Disponível em: < https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/25280-um-em-cada-tres-brasileiros-mora-em-48-municipios-com-mais-de-500-mil-habitantes >. Acesso em: 14/04/2022.
TOMLIN, C. D. Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling. Prentice Hall, New York, 1990, 249 p.
UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”. 134 anos de um Gigante: O Antigo Câmpus da Unesp. 2022. Disponível em: <https://www.franca.unesp.br/#!/noticia/679/134-anos-de-um-gigante-o-antigo-campus-da-unesp/>. Acesso em: 08/06/2023.
VILLAÇA, F. Espaço intraurbano no Brasil. São Paulo: Studio Nobel, 1998.
WILSON, J. Q.; KELLING, G. L. Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety. Atlantic Monthly, v. 249, n. 3, p. 29-38, 1982.
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Lara Reis Rodrigues, Rochele Amorim Ribeiro
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
